Dynamics of dark solitons in optical fibers governed by cubic-quintic discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equations

This study investigates the dynamics of dark solitons and energy distribution in electromagnetic waves propagating through optical fibers, focusing on the impact of key parameters on energy retention. While previous research has emphasized frequency and dispersion, this work also examines the effect of attenuation on soliton behavior. The energy distribution is analyzed using Hamiltonian dynamics derived from the cubic-quintic discrete nonlinear Schr & ouml;dinger (CQ DNLS) equation, with stationary solutions obtained via the Trust Region Dogleg method and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) method used for dynamic simulations. Results reveal that frequency and dispersion parameters enhance wave amplitude and energy, whereas high attenuation significantly reduces wave intensity and energy during propagation. Balancing these effects is critical for maintaining energy stability and providing insights into material selection for optical fibers with low attenuation properties.